منابع مشابه
Ancient bacteria–amoeba relationships and pathogenic animal bacteria
Long before bacteria infected humans, they infected amoebas, which remain a potentially important reservoir for human disease. Diverse soil amoebas including Dictyostelium and Acanthamoeba can host intracellular bacteria. Though the internal environment of free-living amoebas is similar in many ways to that of mammalian macrophages, they differ in a number of important ways, including temperatu...
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E ver since Vincent Knapp published his 1999 article ‘‘How old is Endometriosis?’’ (1), there seems to have been renewed interest in identifying just when endometriosis was discovered as a distinct disease entity. While the history of endometriosis subsequent to its 1860 microscopic unveiling by Karl von Rokitansky has been well-studied, its story leading up to that moment has remained largely ...
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Ancient asexual animal groups, such as bdelloid rotifers and darwinuloid ostracods, are excellent model organisms to study the effects of long-term asexuality. However, the absolute length of time that these groups have been fully asexual is mostly ignored. In the case of the darwinuloid ostracods, the fossil record shows that sexual reproduction disappeared almost completely after the end of P...
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The invariant chain (Ii) is the critical third chain required for the MHC class II heterodimer to be properly guided through the cell, loaded with peptide, and expressed on the surface of antigen presenting cells. Here, we report the isolation of the nurse shark Ii gene, and the comparative analysis of Ii splice variants, expression, genomic organization, predicted structure, and function throu...
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Respiratory complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase) is a ubiquitous bioenergetic enzyme formed by over 40 subunits in eukaryotes and a minimum of 11 subunits in bacteria. Recently, crystal structures have greatly advanced our knowledge of complex I but have not clarified the details of its reaction with ubiquinone (Q). This reaction is essential for bioenergy production and takes place in a ...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Nature
سال: 1994
ISSN: 0028-0836,1476-4687
DOI: 10.1038/367116a0